Contribute[kənˈtrɪbjuːt]
v. 有助于；贡献；捐助；捐献；投稿
1[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]近义词contributing adj. 贡献的；起作用的
contribution n. 捐助；贡献；捐助之物
contradict v. 与……相矛盾；反驳
contrary adj. 相反的；逆向的
2形近词donate v. 捐赠；捐献
have a hand in v. 参与； 对 ... 有影响力
lead to 导致；把……带到
give rise to 引起；导致；造成
3短语搭配contribute to 有助于；捐助；贡献
contribute an article to a newspaper 向报社投稿
4[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题例句 2016年阅读Text 3Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency ; Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
5[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题解析1.句子主干：Their analysis ruled out the possibility...
2.句子难点：that it was firms’political influence, rather than their CSR（corporate-social-responsibility） stand, that accounted for the leniency ['li:nɪənsɪ]是同位语从句，解释说明possibility;而在同位语从句中又包括一个it was…that…的强调句型。rather than their CSR stand作为插入语，与firms’ political influence并列，表示转折关系。Companies did not receive lower fines由冒号连接，与it was firms’ political influence that accounted for the leniency构成并列句，并对其进行解释。that contributed more to political campaigns是that引导的定语从句，修饰companies。
3.译文：他们的分析排除了这种可能，即公司的政治影响力而非 社会责任使他们获得了宽大处理。因为在政治竞选中贡献更多的公司并 没有收到更低的罚款。
4.原句再现：Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency； Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
5.重难点单词与短语：
rule out 排除；不予考虑
stand [stænd]
v. 站立；忍受；位于；停滞
n. 站立；货摊；停顿；看台
account for (在数量方面)占；说明(原因等)； 对 ... 负责；导致，引起；击毙，杀死；报账
2
Efficient [ɪˈfɪʃənt]
adj. 有效率的; （直接）生效的; 能干的; 收效大的;
1[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]近义词deficient adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 不完善的
proficient adj.精通的;熟练的
2形近词potent adj. 有效的，强有力的; 有权势的; 烈性的; 有说服力的;
economical adj. 节约的; 经济的; 合算的;
3[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]短语搭配thermal efficiency热效率
conversion efficiency转换效率
4[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题例句 2013年阅读Text 3The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories , including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
5[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题解析1.句子主干：The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with ...
2.句子难点：别看这个句子这么长~其实它有一个很清晰的结构哦！~主干为主系表结构~后面辣么长的一大串，全是including加一系列名词，介宾短语作状语~其补充说明的作用。
3.译文：这个想法是要迫使社会科学家将其工作与其他类别结合起来，包括卫生和人口变化；粮食安全；海洋研究和生物经济；清洁、高效能源；以及包容、创新和安全的社会。
4.原句再现：The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
5.重难点单词与短语：
integrate [ˈɪntɪˌɡret]
vt. 使一体化; 使整合;使结合成为整体;
vi. 成为一体; 结合在一起; 合并;
adj. 整体的; 完整的; 完全的; 综合的;
categories ['kætɪɡərɪz] n. 种类，类别; 派别;
demographic [ˌdemə'ɡræfɪk] adj. 人口统计学的; 人口统计的;
inclusive [ɪnˈklusɪv] adj. 包括的，包罗广泛的; 包括…的; 一切开支包括在内的; 不分男女的;
3
Extreme [ɪk'strim]
n. 极端；极限；极度；极端不同的感情（或境况、行为方式等）
adj. 极度的；极大的；异乎寻常的；严重的
1[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]近义词extremely adv. 非常；极其；极端
extremity n. 末端；极端；极限；极度
extremist n. 极端分子；极端主义者；过激分子
extremism n. 极端主义；过激论
2形近词limit n. 极限；限制；限度；界限
boundary n. 边界；界限；分界线；使球越过边界线的击球（得加分）
edge n. 边缘；边沿；刀刃；利刃
end n. 结束；结尾；尽头；末端
3[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]短语搭配to the extreme 走向极端
in the extreme 非常，极度
extreme value 极值，极端值
4[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题例句 1991年翻译Taken to an extreme , this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts .
5[color=; padding-bottom: 0px]真题解析1.句子主干：this theory maintains that …
2.句子难点：句子主干this theory maintains that为“主谓宾”, that our behavior is predetermined在这里是一个宾语从句, taken to an extreme 为v-ed形式状语，相当于if this theory is taken to an extreme, 译为：“极端的是”或“从极端的角度来看”；to such a degree 的原形为to a degree 表示的是：在某种程度上；such … that …译为：如此……以至于，其中that引导结果状语从句。
3.译文：极端的是，这种理论坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的;因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。
4.原句再现： Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
5.重难点单词与短语：
maintain [menˈten] v. 维护；保持；坚持；抚养
pre-determined 预设；预设的；预先确定与亲笔签字
completely [kəmˈpliːtli] adv. 非常；完全地；彻底地；很
instinct [ˈɪnˌstɪŋkt] n. 本能；直觉；天性
