1.[If railroads charged all customers the same average rate], they argue, shippers [who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation] would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：
①主句：shippers … would do so …
【译文】托运者将会这么做
②分句一：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate
类型：条件状语从句;连接词：if
【译文】如果铁路公司向所有顾客收取一样的平均运费
分句二：who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation
类型：定语从句;连接词：who
【译文】有选择余地的(托运者)就会选择卡车或其他运输方式
其他修饰成分：现在分词短语leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line做状语。
【全句译文】如果铁路公司向所有顾客收取一样的平均运费，他们争辩道，那些有选择余地的托运者就会选择卡车或其他运输方式，让剩下的顾客来承担维持铁路运输的费用。
2.These leaders are living proof [that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems] [that come naturally with age].
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：
① 主句: These leaders are living proof
【译文】这些领导者都是些活生生的例子
② 分句一：that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems
类型：同位语从句;连接词：that
【译文】预防措施是有效的，我们可以应付健康问题
分句二：that come naturally with age
类型：定语从句;连接词：that
【译文】随着年纪增长自然出现的
【全句译文】这些领导者都是些活生生的例子，证明(疾病)预防措施是有效的，我们可以应付随着年纪增长而自然出现的健康问题。
3. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them [that you are one of them] or [that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view].
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：
① 主句：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them…
【译文】你的幽默一定要与听众有关，并有助于向他们表明……
② 分句一：that you are one of them
类型：宾语从句;连接词：that
【译文】你是他们中的一员
分句二：that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view
类型：宾语从句;连接词：that
【译文】你理解他们的处境，并赞同他们的观点
【全句译文】你的幽默一定要与听众有关，并有助于向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你理解他们的处境，并赞同他们的观点。
4. The same dramatic technological changes [that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices] have also increased the risk [that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways].
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：
① 主句：The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk
【译文】同样剧烈的技术变革同样也带来了更高的风险
② 分句一：that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices
类型：定语从句;连接词：that
【译文】为营销商提供了数量更多(种类也更多)的沟通选择
分句二：that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways
类型：同位语从句;连接词：that
【译文】激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更可见、更具破坏性的方式来表达他们的意见
【全句译文】同样剧烈的技术变革为营销商提供了数量更多(种类也更多)的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，那就是激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更可见、更具破坏性的方式来表达他们的意见。
5. Time was [when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence] [that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak], or [that they prey only on “worthless” species].
这是个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句，子句类型以及连接词如下：
① 主句：Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence
【译文】曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据
② 分句一：that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak
类型：同位语从句;连接词：that
【译文】即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康
分句二：that they prey only on “worthless” species
类型：同位语从句;连接词：that
【译文】它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种
【全句译文】曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
