考博英语辨错与改错就是从一个句子四个划线的找出一个错误并加以改正。句子的错误是多种多样的,涉及到语法、词汇和逻辑结构等方面,但通常以语法方面的错误为主。下面我们将辨错与改错测试中涉及到的语法要点和错误类型进行归类和分析,以帮助考生从中领悟出做这类试题的方法和技巧。 %eqL)pC]
(一)主、谓语不一致 p@xK`=Urb
句子中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上不一致,这类试题主要涉及到以下四个方面: A832z`
(1)主语后面有一个较长的定语或定语从句,该定语或定语从句的最后一个词,也就是谓语动词前的那个词的单数或复数一般与主语的单、复数相反,以此来干扰学生。 o{QPW
例1 The Capital city is noted for its many modern improvements, but in other parts of the country RE:$c!E!
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lack of enough good roads have delayed progress. [+$o`0q;N?
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例2 The most noticeable feature of tarsiers, small animals which look like monkeys are their
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large eyes that allow them to see well at night. G@n%P~
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(2)有时候,为了增加考试难度,在倒装句中考主谓语的一致。 d~J4&w
例3 Never before in history has so many people been interested in the study of foreign U5wO;MA
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languages. R'r^v
例4 On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit and bedspreads. (1995年考题) gobqS+c
(3)后面由with, as well as, rather than, along with, together with, in addition to, including等修饰的单数名词作主语时,其谓语动词也要用单数形式。 X[c8P7
例5 The president of the college , together with the deans, are planning a conference for the
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purpose of laying down certain regulations. M e
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(4)由连词or, nor, neither… nor, either…or, not only… but also连接的两个名词,谓语形式要与它最接近的主语一致。 0zAj.
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例6 Neither her parents nor her teacher have persuaded her to change her mind. U= PG0
(二)虚拟语气方面的错误
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做这类题考生首先要掌握虚拟语气的构成和主、从句的搭配,熟记常见的虚拟语气类型以及一些特殊用法,重点掌握下列常用的要引起虚拟语气的形容词和动词。 u{ .UZTn
形容词:necessary, essential, urgent, imperative, possible, vital, desirable, important, natural. 7MT[fA8^
动 词:suggest, ask, recommend, insist, demand, decide, advise, propose, order. x+9aTsZ
例7 So great was the influence of Thomas Paine on his own time that John Adams suggested that the era was called “The Age of Paine.” (1995年考题) Q
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例8 If you would have studied French in college you would not have found the eS
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scientific terminology(专门术语)so difficult to understand. z<jWy$Ta;
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(三)非谓语动词的误用 bewi.$E{
这一类的试题设计比较灵活,如果考生对各种非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)的句法功能及用法没有透彻的了解,对它们与谓语动词、逻辑主词、逻辑宾词和其他词类之间的搭配关系掌握得不好,就很难解题。比如,下列动词或词组后面只能跟动词分词:enjoy, finish, appreciate, avoid, miss(错过), mind(介意), deny, admit, keep, prevent, consider, look forward to, can not help, object to, turn to (求助于), adapt to,等等。 ;
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以上动词考生应重点掌握。 jn#
例9 you will almost always find Caroline playing a video game because she enjoys to be Ee##:I
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challenged. x=bAR%i~
例10 Annoying at the long check-out lines, the shopper began to sigh loudly, tap his foot, and tsZrn
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glance at his watch. , c/\'k\K)
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例11 The president devoted his energies to update the curricula, making the education offered at S3Tww]q
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Washington college as meaningful and usual as possible. (1996年考题) GjA;o3(
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(四)词序有误 rj*4ZA
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这一部分重点测试以疑问词引导的从句中的词序以及倒装句的词序,考生要重点掌握那些常用的出现在句首句子就必须倒装的词或词组,如:by no means, in no cases, under no circumstances, not only…but also, not until, never, nowhere等等。 =1%3".
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例12 Only after local residents became sick and publicly voiced their displeasure the chemical Eq.?Ga
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company began to clean up its dump sites. 59p'Ega.
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例13 People who lose weight with the help of behavioral techniques like weighing hsljJvs
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themselves regularly and keeping records of what do they eat seem to need the same techniques to VzMoWD;
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keep the weight off. Q/=L(_1l
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例14 Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only he was the prophet of the Zi2NgVF
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moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of h&5H`CR
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prediction. ![:S~x1
(五)句子结构不对等 oyJ/Oe
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句子结构的对等性要求在表达词法相同的成分时,动词与动词、名词与名词、词组与词组、从句与从句都要对等。常出现的错误有下列几种情况: ?ae:9ZcH
(1)并列连词and, but, as well as, or等连接的两上谓语形式、非谓语动词、从句结构等在形式上没保持一致。 ~c :e0
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例15 At school he found that he hated eating in the dining-room, studied for his chemistry class, W==HV0n
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and doing his laundry. 7vcYI#(2
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例16 The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending OgS6#X
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college, finding a job, or the army. Yq#I#
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(2)复合并列连词not only…but also, whether…or, both…and, either…or等连接的两个成分在词性和结构上不一致。 1p23&\\~
例17 The city council has the power not only to pass new laws, but also select a new }!& w<wR
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mayor between elections should the need arise. r NqJ
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例18 Office revolution not only has changed how work is done but redefined the function of Q]w;o&eo
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everyone who works in an office. (1996年考题) r1-?mMSU&
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(3)引起比较状语从句的从属连词as…as,…than连接的两个成分在结构上不一致,造成逻辑上的错误。 Z,,Da|edH
例19 To the best of my knowledge, the climate in Arizona is better year-round than any other ZHICp
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state. wv
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例20 The carpenter told me that to repair the old building would cost nearly as much as d<V+;">2
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build a new one. 5D-xm$8C
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做这类试题时,考生一定要记住:当两者比较时,必面是句义相当,或同类事物、词性相比较,才合逻辑。 w^p
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例21 Despite this similarity with other creatures, the evolution of humankind differs from =35EG{W(
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other species in one important and unique way. (1996年考题) %I(N
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(六)形容词和副词的误用 a%;$l_wVT:
这类题往往在副词与形容词的修饰关系上出错。形容词一般只能修饰形容词,不能修饰形容词,而副词可以修饰形容词、动词等。 6rt.ec(
例22 If you want a real effective stereo that plays music clearly, you’d better buy a graphic isDBNXV:
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equalizer. V{{b^y
例23 The scientists, concerned about the potential hazards, wanted the latest research finding sUfH1w)0
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made publicly. 1U@qRU
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(七)可数与不可数名词的误用 jf*M}Q1jHE
例24 This sitting room would be much improved if you put a furniture in that corner. t \DS}3pv
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当然,在名词方面考生还应掌握下列两种情况。 Cj_cu
(1)有些名词形式上是单数,实际上是复数,因此谓语动词要用复数,如people, police; 7AV !v`
(2)有些名词形式上复数,但意义上是单数。这类名词通常是以s结尾的科学名称和疾病名称,谓语动词要用单数,如physics, statistics, acoustics. s7(mNpo
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(八)时态和语态方面的错误 ysGK5kFz
做这类题,首先要确定句子是主动还是被动关系,还要搞清前后时态是否一致。 mAk)9`f/
例25 She said to me that she will get the job in spite of her inexperience. g>/,},jv[x
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例26 Not too many years ago my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was QC \8Zy
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embarrassed to see jogging in public. (1996年考题) X*]uLgbl
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(九)固定搭配不当 B r`Xw^S
1.动词、名词和形容词与某个特定的介词的搭配 9Fv1D
例27 Exploratory investigations reveal that Alaska is capable to producing 45 to 55 percent of its owmV7E1
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own requirements of agricultural products, instead of approximately 10 percent, the quantity now ",w@_}z:
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produced. "n}J6
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2.连接词的固定搭配 q$(aMO&J
常用的连接词的固定搭配有:either…or, neither…nor, both…and, no sooner…than, scarcely/hardly…when, rather…than, the same…as, so…, that, not long…before. !L2R0Y:a
例29 One expert remarks that a computer with so many tubes as the brain has neurons would aiF7\^aw$
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require the Empire State Building to contain it. (1996年考题) <wW#Wnc ]
例30 Failure to advertise could result in either reduced sales and less profit nor legal actions. l"W9uS;\T
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例31 Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in the West; what Westerners do know 3yszfWr
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seems to be either extremely negative nor extremely positive. (1995年考题) SGXXv
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(十)多余的词 AA6_D?)vv
同一概念的词在句中重复出现。 yS[:C
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例32 The manufacture and production of steel was one of the industries on which the sX.L
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country’s prosperity was founded. !TA6- ]1
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例33 He returned back to China after he had finished his degree in the United States. 5^<X:1J$
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例34 Sponges, with a structural organization like that of colony of one-celled animals, they stand ,m;S-Im_Xr
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at the lowest level of the animal kingdom. s6bILz-u
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例35 He was so exhausted he couldn’t scarcely keep his eyes open until the movie was over. UCG8=+t5T
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(十一)连词的误用
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这类试题的特点是结构与逻辑交织在一起,考生不仅要判断结构是否正确,还要从整句的意思判断逻辑上是否讲得通。此外,考生必须熟记一些常用的连接词固定搭配(在固定搭配部分已作了介绍)。 0zQ"5e?qy
例36 Kenneth had his heart set on owning one of the new sports cars, but he finally succeeded in 4Vl_vTz{i
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buying one. K2$ fKju
例37 As long as sharks are heavier than water, they must swim continuously or they will sink to fFDI qX
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the bottom. zx` %)r
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(十二)意思或语形相近的动词、名词、形容词或副词的误用 Z/-9G
英语中有些词意或词形很相近,要是考生对这些词的拼写或词义间的细微差别掌握得不够牢固,就很难识别出错的地方。 Tzr_K
例38 Over the centuries, women have developed considerate expertise in the techniques of adapting to men, but that ability is not the same as truly understanding male psychology. ~tK4C |
例39 Rupert Davies inherited a million pounds from his uncle, and two months late he won \ #<
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another million on the football pools. DJ_[{WAV
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(十三)关系代词与连接代词的误用 gJa48
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关系代词who(whom, whose), which 和that 引导定语从句;连接代词who(who,whose),which和what引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句。要注意whoever和whomever的用法。连接代词whoever相当于any one who,因此不能用who去代替whoever的作用。此外,考生一定要牢记:非限制性定语从句必须用which引导。 mj{B_
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例40 In spite of the ever-increasing exploitation of natural resources, that now reached dangerous ] V|hDU=t
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proportion, little has been done on a world-wide scale to slow down or stop this success. 1995年考题) g)?Ol
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例41 A wise and experienced administrator will assign a job to whomever is best qualified. TF]bmM})0
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例42 The scholarly interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of that is known as human knowledge. /ILj}g'
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辨错与改错练习(100题) uu7 ?,WT
1. All her friends and acquaintances were simultaneously sympathetic and jealousy, but that didn’t get @!p bR(8
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the housework done.. -VZn`6%s
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2. When the time allotted to the course is sixty to ninety hours the entire contents of the book may be m:}PVJ-"
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used for advantage. 7MWd(n-
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3. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together ^VC/tJ
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words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapt them to their own n~"qbtp}
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system. sX@}4[)<&
4. Considered that her son-in-law was not good enough for her daughter, the snobbish woman {EfA#{x
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displayed a frigid hostility towards him. 3S 5`I9I
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5. Facing dangers and difficulties together are supposed to give the members of an expedition an /!#A'#Z
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amazing feeling of companionship. 57fl<IM
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6. Everyone thought they had no chance of escaping but some weeks later they emerged from the
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jungle safely and soundly. $`A{-0=x\U
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7. I was lucky to have had relations to look after me, otherwise I might have to be cared for by foster "ejsz&n
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parents or even put in a home. J9*i`8kU.
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8. During the war, women became indispensable as workers outside the home, so they had to keep the GlHP`&;UH
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factories and government machinery running while the men went out to fight. _l"=#i@L
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9. The unions have begun to concede that pay increases restricting to talented teachers are preferable to v.&c1hK